2 Answers
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While they seem the same superficially I wouldn't call them the same. An enum in Java/C++/C# is basically a classlike construct that has a fixed set of possible values. Usually these values are integers but Java and C# allow more complex values as well. They are commonly used for representing state or grouping common constants together.
Python dictionaries are more like maps in Java. They store key/value pairs and can be changed whenever you like.
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I think ist more seamless to tuples than dictionaries. Tuples are inmutable like Enums also are