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scripting vs. programming language:
Python is a scripting language. this means that a interpreter convert your code during runtime (when you execute your program) while c/c++ is a programming language which is once compiled for a specific platform to an executable (.exe in Windows)
java for instance compiles to byte-code (platform independent) and is interpreted on the platforms virtual machine.
Note: actually you can compile python as well but that's another story...
dynamic language:
python is a dynamic language, this is what it makes it so "easy" (because of that you have several ways to sove you're problem and it's again hard to find out which is faster).
example you just don't have to care about variable types.
performance:
Because interpretation takes time and is done every time you execute a script it consumes more time. also the interpreter don't have the possibilities to optimize you're code for sake of fluent programme execution.
while a compiled code is already in machine code(see glossary at the end) and optimized.
conclusion: if you do prototyping, scientific research, heavily string processing, python would be a better choice. but if you need a maximal performance app then c++ would be the way to go.
go seems also interesting because it is highly scalable and it's also easy to build platform executables.
glossary:
platform: Linux, windows, Mac, Solaris, ect... as well as 64 or still 32bit
machine code: each cpu has codes for execution (like add, minus, multiple,...) your code has always (no matter what) at some point converted to this language.