How did scientist create programming languages?

Question

How did they come up with the coding ideas

Answer 1

Short answer: From binarys and machine code

Long short answer: first there where certain languages like plankalkül, designed for certain machines, wich were similar to machine code.
For our modern languages, we started with machine code (binary or hexadecimal numbers) forming assembler to simplify it. But Assembler is depending on the base System. To get an independent language, C was developed and used to create operating systems. From that on, if there was need for a new language with certain abilities and propterties, it was designed in C/Assembler and other so called low level languages. For more details... better use Google, the internet's smarter than me.