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I'm going to skip over the deep details and maybe wait for someone else to do so, but in a nutshell, it's something like this:
C++ - Quite efficient and speedy due to direct compilation into platform-specific machine code, and by it allowing the user to access memory at a low-level. But you'll have to do lots of things manually, code can easily become a complex mess, and the learning curve is quite steep.
Python - Less speedy due to it being interpreted. But syntax is simple and understandable for beginners and professionals alike.
Verdict: Use C++ when you need your program to execute things quickly and efficiently and when you need to access at the hardware level. Use Python when you don't necessarily need speed in your program, but you want to create something quick and easy.